Wednesday, 14 October 2015

USING AND EVALUATING INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS

Resulta ng larawan para sa instructional materialsResulta ng larawan para sa instructional materials


Instructional Materials- these are devices that assists the facilitator in the teaching-learning process.
            -Instructional materials are not self-supporting; they are supplementary training devices.

3 Basic types of Instructional Materials
*The First type of Instructional Materials
The first type of instructional materials includes such objects and phenomena as minerals, rocks, raw materials, semi-finished and finished manufactured articles, and plant and animal specimen.
*The Second type of Instructional Materials
The second type of instructional materials that of representations of actual objects and phenomena, includes three-dimensional materials, two-dimensional materials, and audiovisual materials.
*The Third type of Instructional materials
The third type of instructional materials, that of written descriptions, includes scientific, scholarly, reference, and methodological teaching aids.

Guidelines in Selecting Instructional Materials
      Give a true picture of the ideas they present
Resulta ng larawan para sa instructional materials      Contribute to the attainment of the learning objective
      Be appropriate to the age, intelligence, and experience of the learners.
      Be in good and satisfactory condition
      Provide for a teacher’s guide
      Help develop the critical and creative thinking powers of students
      Be worth time, expense and effort involved

The Proper Use of Materials
Hayden Smith and Thomas Nagel (1972) book authors on Instructional Media.
-Advised us to abide by the acronym PPPF.
PPPF
P– Prepare yourself
Resulta ng larawan para sa instructional materialsP—Prepare your student
P—Present the material
F—Follow up

Prepare Yourself
You know your lesson objective and what you expect from the class after the session and why you have selected such particular instructional material.

Prepare your students
Set reasonably high class expectations and learning goals. Motivate them and keep them interested and engaged.

Present the Material
Using media and materials, especially if they are mechanical in nature, often requires rehearsal and a carefully planned performance. This is to avoid what they call R.O.G Syndrome or Running out of Gas. This syndrome usually occurs due to the lack of planning.

Follow Up
            You use the instructional for the attainment of a lesson objective.

Making Connection
9 Instructional events by Robert Gagne
1. Gain attention (Reception)
2. Inform learner of objectives (Expectancy)
3. Stimulate recall of prior learning (Retrieval)
4. Presents stimulus materials (Selective Perception)
5. Provide learner guidance (Semantic Encoding)
6. Elicit performance (Responding)
7. Provide feedback (Reinforcement)
8. Assess performance (Retrieval)
9. Enhance retention transfer (Generalization)


The cone of experience


THE CONE OF EXPERIENCE
  

The cone of experience is a pictorial device used to explain the interrelationships of the various types of audio-visual media, as well as their individual “positions” in the learning process.

The cone’s utility in selecting instructional resources and activities is a practical today as when dale created it. nd 

Dale’s Cone of Experience is a visual model that is composed of eleven (11) stages starting from concrete experiences at the bottom of the cone then it becomes more and more abstract as it reach the peak of the cone. Also, according to Dale, the arrangement in the cone is not based on its difficulty but rather based on abstraction and on the number of senses involved. The experiences in each stages can be mixed and are interrelated that fosters more meaningful learning.

According to one of the principles in the selection and use of teaching strategies, the more senses that are involved in learning, the more and the better the learning will be but it does not mean that concrete experience is the only effective experience that educators should use in transferring knowledge to the learner. Like what was mentioned above, the experiences in each stages can be mixed and are interrelated thus, a balance must be achieved between concrete and abstract experiences in order to cater the and address all the need of the learner in all the domains of development and in order to help each learner in their holistic development.

Moreover, the generalization about the Cone of Experience that was presented above is not enough. Actually, we should try to go deeper in each of the component of the cone since Educational Technology basically revolves around the Cone of Experience. By going one-by-one, starting from concrete to abstract, we will understand more the different components of the cone that will help us in grasping the real meaning of educational technology.

To expand on each of the components, let us begin with the Direct Purposeful Experiences. These are first hand experiences which serve as the foundation of learning. In this level, more senses are used in order to build up the knowledge. Also, in this level, the learner learned by doing things by him/herself. Learning happens through actual hands-on experiences. This level explains and proves one of the principles in the selection and use of teaching strategies, the more senses that are involved in learning, the more and the better the learning will be. This level also proves that educational technology is not limited to the modern gadgets and software that are commercially available nowadays. This shows that even the simple opportunity that you give to each child could help them learn.

The next level would be the Contrived Experiences. In this level, representative models and mock-ups of reality are being used in order to provide an experience that as close as reality.  This level is very practical and it makes learning experience more accessible to the learner. In this stage, it provides more concrete experiences, even if not as concrete as direct experiences, that allows visualization that fosters better understanding of the concept.

On the other hand, the next level would be the Dramatized experiences. In this level, learners can participate in a reconstructed experiences that could give them better understanding of the event or of a concept. Through dramatized experiences, learners become more familiar with the concept as they emerge themselves to the “as-if” situation.

The next level would be the Demonstrations. It is a visualize explanation of important fact, idea, or process through the use of pictures, drawings, film and other types of media in order to facilitate clear and effective learning. In this level, things are shown based on how they are done.

Another level would be the Study Trips. This level extends the learning experience through excursions and visits on the different places that are not available inside the classroom. Through this level, the learning experience will not be limited to the classroom setting but rather extended in a more complex environment.

The level of study trips is followed by exhibits. It is a somewhat a combination of some of the first levels in the cone. Actually, exhibits are combination of several mock ups and models. Most of the time, exhibits are experiences that is “for your eyes” only but some exhibits includes sensory experiences which could be related to direct purposeful experiences. In this level, meanings ideas ar presented to the learners  in  a more abstract manner. This experience allows student to see the meaning and relevance of things based on the different pictures and representations presented.

The next levels would be the level of television and motion pictures and still pictures, recordings, and Radio. I decided to combine these two stages since it is related to one another. Because of the rapid development of the modern technology, a lot of people believe that Educational technology is limited to these stages. They are not aware that these sages are only a small portion of Ed Tech. For television and motion pictures, it implies values and messages through television and films. On the other hand, still pictures, recordings and radio are visual and auditory devices that can be used by a Lerner/group of learner that could enhance and extend learning experience

Lastly, I also chose to combine the last two levels because they are used hand-in-hand. The last two levels would be the Visual symbolic and Verbal symbolic. These two levels are the most complex and abstract among all the components of the Cone of Experience. In the visual symbolic level, charts, maps, graphs, and diagrams are used for abstract representations. On the other hand, the verbal symbolic level does not involve visual representation or clues to their meanings. Mostly, the things involved in this level are words, ideas, principles, formula, and the likes.

After going through the different components of the Cone of Experience, it could be said that in facilitating learning, we can use variety of materials and medium in order to maximize the learning experience. One medium is not enough thus if we can take take advantage of the other media. There’s nothing wrong with trying to combine several medium for as long as it could benefit the learners. Also, through the levels provided by the Cone of Experience, it could be said that concrete experiences must be provided first in order to support abstract learning.  Lastly, staying on the concrete experiences is not even ideal because through providing abstract experiences to the learner, the more he/she will develop his/her higher order thinking skills which is important for more complex way of thinking and for dealing with more complex life situations. Through understanding each component of the Cone of Experience, it could be said that Educational Technology is not limited to the modern gadgets that we have right now but rather it is a broad concept that includes all the media that we can use to attain balance as we facilitate effective and meaningful learning.

The roles of Educational technology

Resulta ng larawan para sa educational technology 1Technology has many roles in learning. In terms of  traditional role, technology is a delivery vehicles for instructional lessons. In this role, he learner learns from the technology and the technology serves as a teacher. In other words, the learner learns the content presented by the technology  in the same way that the learner learns knowledge presented by the teacher.   From the traditional point of view, technology serves as source and presenter of knowledge and it is assumed that knowledge is embedded in  technology.
Resulta ng larawan para sa educational technology 1
From the constructive point of  view, educational technology serves as learning tools that learners learn with.   It engages learners in" active ,constructive, intentional, authentic, and cooperative learning. It provides opportunities for technology and learner interaction for meaningful learning.  Technology  serves as  supporter of knowledge construction such as representing learner's ideas, understanding and beliefs,producing organized,multimedia knowledge bases by learners. It serves as information  vehicles for exploring knowledge to support learning by constructing such as accessing needed information,comparing perspectives ,beliefs and world views.It serves as context to support learning -by - doing like representing and simulating meaningful real- world problems,situation and contexts,defining a safe ,controllable problem space for student thinking.  It serves as a social medium to support learning by conversing like for  instance  collaborating with others, discussing, arguing,and building consensus among members of the community. It serves as  intellectual partner to support learning- by- reflecting such as helping learners articulate and represent what they know,reflecting of what they have learned and  how they come to know it,supporting learner's internal  negotiations  and meaning making.

      Whether  used from traditional or constructive point of view,when used effectively, research indicates that technology increases student's learning understanding,and achievement but also augments motivation to learn ,encourages collaborative learning and supports the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills.


   By effectively using the technology, I can now apply my learning.


Meaning of Educational technology

What is Educational Technology?

To understand the meaning of Educational Technology, it may be good to begin with the meaning of technology. The word "technology" comes from the Greek word techne which means craft or art. Based on the etymology of the word "technology",the term educational technology, therefore, refers to the art or craft of responding to our education needs. 

Educational technology is "a complex, integrated process involving people, procedures, ideas, devices, and organization for analyzing problems and devising, implementing, evaluating, and managing solutions to those problems, involved in all aspects of human learning."

Educational Technology is the application of technology in the educate process that takes place in education institutions.

Is the effective use of technological tools in learning. As a concept, it concerns an array of tools, such as media, machines and networking hardware, as well as considering underlying theoretical perspectives for their effective application.


Educational technology is not restricted to high technology. Nonetheless, electronic educational technology, also called e-learning, has become an important part of society today.


Educational technology includes numerous types of media that deliver text, audio, images, animation, and streaming video, and includes technology applications and processes such as audio or video tape, satellite TV, CD-ROM, and computer-based learning, as well as local intranet/extra-net and web-based learning.

Educational technology is a profession like teaching. It is made up of organized effort to implement the theory, intellectual technique, and practical application of educational technology.